Air Pollution in Bangkok Essays

Air Pollution in Bangkok Essays Air Pollution in Bangkok Paper Air Pollution in Bangkok Paper 696 vehicles were registered. This factor, along with the lack of efficient ass transit system, has led to the citys traffic problem. The average speed of traffic in the inner zone of Bangkok is as slow as 8-5 km per hour. Researches have shown that vehicles accounted for approximately of Knox emissions, 54% of PM* (particulate matter) emissions and about 100% of hydrocarbon emissions. According to a research paper on Fighting Urban Air Pollution: From Plan to Action, in the year 1999, nearly 4 million cars were registered in Bangkok, in addition to 1. 5 million motorcycles. Concentration amount of particulate of sees than 10 micron (IMO) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmosphere have been found to exceed the acceptable standard, while the level of hydrocarbon (HCI), Knox, and ozone have been increasing. Besides, it has also been found that more than 1 million Bangkok residents have been suffered from air pollution related illness. Based on the information obtained from a thesis on Air Pollution and Lung Cancer by a doctor degree at MUSIC, apart from mobile sources, factories are the major contributor of pollution.

The Origin of the Popsicle

The Origin of the Popsicle The Popsicle was invented by an  11-year-old boy in 1905, and it was a fluke. Young Frank Epperson didn’t set out to create a treat that would keep kids happy and cool on summer days for generations to come. He mixed some soda powder and water in a glass with a small wooden stirrer, then adventure called and he wandered off and forgot about his drink. It remained outside overnight.   A Cold San Francisco Night It was cold in the San Francisco Bay area that night. When Epperson went outside the next morning, he discovered the first-ever Popsicle waiting for him, trapped frozen inside its glass. He ran the glass under hot water and was able to pull the icy treat out using the stirrer. He licked the frozen treat off the stirrer and decided it was pretty good. History was made and an entrepreneur was born. Epperson  named the treat an Epsicle, taking credit where it was due, and began selling them around the neighborhood.   Beyond the Neighborhood Fast-forward 18 years to 1923. Epperson saw a bigger and better future for his Epsicle and he applied for a patent for his frozen ice on a stick.† He described the treat as a â€Å"frozen confection of attractive appearance, which can be conveniently consumed without contamination by contact with the hand and without the need for a plate, spoon, fork, or another implement.† Epperson recommended birch, poplar, or wood-bass for the stick. Now a grown man with children of his own, Epperson deferred to their judgment and renamed the treat Popsicle, as in â€Å"Pop’s Sickle.† He moved beyond the neighborhood and began selling his Popsicles at a California amusement park. A Not-So-Happy Ending Unfortunately, Epperson’s Popsicle business failed to thrive – at least for him personally. He fell on hard times in the late 1920s and sold his Popsicle rights to the Joe Lowe Company of New York. The Lowe Company took the Popsicle to national fame with more success than Epperson had enjoyed. The company added a second stick, effectively creating two Popsicles stuck together and selling this double-sized version for a nickel. It’s rumored that approximately 8,000 were sold on just one hot summer day at Brooklyn’s Coney Island. Then Good Humor decided all this was an infringement of its own copyright for ice cream and chocolate sold on a stick. A series of lawsuits ensued with the court ultimately deciding that the Lowe Company had the right to sell frozen treats made from water while Good Humor could continue to sell its â€Å"ice cream pops.† Neither side was particularly pleased with the decision. Their feud continued until 1989 when Unilever purchased Popsicle and, subsequently, Good Humor, joining the two brands under one corporate roof. Unilever continues to sell Popsicles to this day – an estimated two billion of them a year in flavors as exotic as mojito and avocado, although cherry still remains the most popular. The double-stick version is gone, however. It was eliminated in 1986 because it was too messy and more difficult to eat than Epperson’s initial accidental brainstorm.

Critique of a Research Article Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique of a Article - Research Paper Example The major objective of this research was to evaluate the general effects of cultural competency performance and training feedback for the primary care clinicians or rather practitioners for the black patients. Moreover, the study design was clustered and randomized controlled trials in close to eight ambulatory health facilities. One hundred and twenty four primary care clinicians who take care of about four thousand eight hundred and fifty eight (4858) white patients who mark 64% of the diabetic patients and two thousand six hundred and ninety nine (2699) black people who make about 36% of the diabetic patients in the region, participated in this study. Thus, the report or rather the entire study identified the relevant articles. The crucial aspects in the study were the cultural training and performance on how competent the medical clinicians can be when it comes to taking care of patients from diverse races in the globe. For this case, the white and the black patients were conside red. Furthermore, the report brings out the racial differences that exist in the control of hemoglobin, the levels of cholesterol and blood pressure among the patients (Sequist, Fitzmaurice, Marshall, Shaykevich, Marston, Safran, & Ayanian, 2010). The literature review of this report covers all the relevant areas as per the research. The appropriate theories such as the Leininger’s cultural theory which discusses the differences and the sameness of cultures that fully determines the kind of care any patient deserves was used. In addition, the report exhausts all the standards of the cultural competence such as social justice, critical reflection, the transcultural knowledge, education and training of the clinicians, multicultural workforce, the cross cultural leadership and the evidence based practice (McBean, Huang, Virnig, Lurie & Musgrave, 2003). These are some of the theories that fully support the objective of this kind of study. Alongside these theories, the review of l iterature is well organized so as to demonstrate the progress and development of the relevant aspects across the previous studies. Thus, the whole summary of the theoretical and empirical parts provide a reliable basis of the mentioned study. Furthermore, the report’s framework is explicitly presented. The subtopics are precise and to the point. All the relevant sections of a report are present in the body. For instance, there is a result sections which is extremely detailed with the correct figures and measurements of the data which was collected in the field. The research article fully defines and describes the most crucial concepts in the study. The concepts such as culture, training, performance, race, clinicians and diabetes are clearly defined and described in the article. Clarity of such concepts makes the entire report cover the studied aspects in the research. Moreover, these concepts are all linked to the study’s variables since they all revolve around the cl inician awareness of the differences in races and the cultures of various patients (Zaslavsky, Trivedi, Ayanian & Schneider, 2005). This research report tends to describe and analyze the current knowledge about the research problem or rather the aspects that lead to this study. It describes the disparities that are present in health facilities when it comes to the treatment of both the black and the white diabetic patients. The report further describes the difference or the

Photograhs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Photograhs - Assignment Example This paper is a formal and iconographic analysis of Arbus photographs as compared with the works of Annie Leibovitz. Arbus is basically revered for bringing out a unique quality known as rough empathy in her photographs. Her works embody commonly gendered attributes of mystery and neurosis, which generally distort the primary intent of the photographs. As Annie Leibovitz concentrated in cool, common images of ordinary people and objects, various works in Arbus’ name reveal her penchant for the images of the sidelined, the surreal, and the impaired. Unlike Leibovitz works, Arbus’s works are ethically weakened by the vulnerability and flawed nature of the subjects. Artistically, most of her works seem to be pathetic, miserable and repulsive, rather than attractive as work of art should be. What strikes every audience who views Arbus’s works is the convincing feeling of the natural environment, and how uninterrupted her subjects existed in it. In light of her natural touch evidenced in the photos, reducing the artist to the â€Å"photographer of freaks† clearly reveals an industry where people are unwilling to come to terms with the otherness of the images (Sontag 1). When Arbus took photographs of people lacking clearly discernible flaws, she often found the off attribute, the odd edging, and the unusual lighting that projected her art as pervaded by flaws. Loser at a diaper derby, N. J. (1967), for example, is one of her iconic works showing a toddler close-up, crying bitterly. The baby’s fat fists are clenched as a sign of mourning, with the silhouette image of his mother showing her ignorance of the toddler. The photograph reveals a case of existential solitude that troubles the massive number of cute, happy baby photos by many artists such as Leibovitz. Leibovitz’s Leonardo Dicaprio with a Swan (1997) reveals a flawless work of photography. The most attractive attribute of this photo is the

Frida Kahlo Biography Essay Example for Free

Frida Kahlo Biography Essay Frida Kahlo was born on July 6th, 1907, Coyoacà ¡n, Mexico City, Mexico in her father’s beloved ‘Blue House.1’ She died at the age of 47 in her beloved blue house on Tuesday, July 13th, 1954. Frida Kahlo is one of Mexico’s most famous artists and represents resilience and strength. She was a surrealist and her artwork reflected visual honesty. Due to her weak and fragile body after her accident she went through 30 operations on her spine and made constant visits to the hospital. In spite of so much pain Frida Kahlo channeled that and her emotion into her art. Frida Kahlo had these paradoxical qualities, where on the one hand she’s this goddess that represents strength and resilience whereas on the other hand she can was similar to a man, she was crude like men; she smoked, drank alcohol, swore and told dirty jokes to frighten guests. Although Frida suffered an immense amount of physical and emotional pain she was always an outgoing person. People were stunned by her beauty and wherever she went, people stopped in to stare at her. Men wanted her and women wanted to be her. Beautiful, intelligent, and extremely talented Kahlo was considered one of the most desirable women of her time. She was romantically linked with movie stars, artists, and politicians of many different nationalities. During her separation from Diego, Frida engaged in several affairs with both men and women. Diego turned a blind eye at her relationships with women but was enraged by her love affairs with men. At the age of 6 Kahlo’s got polio and her right leg and foot became deformed despite her father’s efforts to regain some muscle mass the leg remained deformed which Kahlo covered with long dresses and skirts.1 She had a limp her whole life and received the nick name ‘peg-leg-Frida’ due to how skinny her right leg was. During 1922 the Mexican Renaissance movement began and the government sponsored local artists to paint murals in churches, schools, libraries and public buildings. Diego Rivera, a man who would play a major role in Kahlo’s life, painted murals while Kahlo would hide, since students were forbidden to be in the auditorium, and watch him for hours. Rivera was often called ‘panzon’ which means fat belly being as he was a 300 pound man. Kahlo got into an accident while on a bus with Alejandro on September 17th, 1925. The accident would change her life. A pipe went through her hip bone and out the pelvic bone as a result she broke her pelvic bone, spinal column and sustained other severe injuries which the doctors believed she would not survive. Kahlo endured 30 operations in her lifetime to correct the damage from the accident. Doctors said she’d never conceive a child full term due to her fractured pelvis. Kahlo originally planned on becoming a doctor but now bedridden for several months she received paints and brushes from her father, her mother had a carpenter construct and easel to place on her bed and a mirror was also installed on the canopy above her so she could paint self-portraits. Kahlo’s father Wilhelm Kahlo thought Frida to be his favourite out of the four daughters he has with her mother Matilde Calderà ³n Kahlo. Frida Kahlo’s father often said, â€Å"She is the most intelligent of all my daughters and the most like me.2† Out of the 143 painting Frida Kahlo did in her lifetime 55 were self-portraits of her. She often said, â€Å"I paint self-portraits because I am so often alone because I am the subject I know best.2† Near the end of 1927 Kahlo’s life returned to a sort of ‘normal’ state and in 1928 at a party Kahlo – from a distance saw Diego Rivera again for the first time since the accident. Later Kahlo gave Rivera some of her work which he admired and told her she had talent. Kahlo said, â€Å"I never paint dreams, I painted my own reality, I paint whatever passes through my head without any other consideration.2† Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera got married on August 21st, 1929, a civil ceremony was held in the town hall of Coyoacà ¡n.1 Kahlo wore clothes borrowed from her Indian maid. Diego was 42 years of age, 6’1 and 300 pounds and Frida was 22 years of age, 5’3, 98 pounds.2 Kahlo’s mother did not approve, however her father did on the basis that Rivera could pay for Kahlo’s hospital bills. After the ceremony while the party was in full swing Rivera apparently got obnoxiously drunk, broke a man’s pinky finger, smashed several items and brandished his pistol. Kahlo was furious with Rivera’s behaviour and argued with him eventually leaving in tears. Kahlo tried to have children but due to the condition of her pelvis she couldn’t carry a child full term. Rivera didn’t want children, partly because his line of work required him to move constantly. While in New York with Rivera in 1932 Kahlo – who was 3  ½ months pregnant – had another miscarriage. On July 4th she was hospitalized at the Henry Ford Hospital where she spent thirteen days recovering during which she painted the well known ‘Henry Ford Hospital’ which documents her tragic event in a very disturbing, graphic yet honest style. When Kahlo received word in early September of 1932 that her mother was terminally ill she went home immediately. Although her relationship with her mother remained distant her whole life she still loved her tenderly. Her mother passed away on September 15th 1932.2 Kahlo was not impressed with the United States, in fact during 1933 – when she went back to New York to be with Rivera she created a painting called ‘My Dress Hangs Here’ which expressed her discontentment with the United States, its social decay and its fundamental human values. In 1934 Kahlo had to abort her third pregnancy at three months at which time she also went through a appendectomy, a surgical removal of the appendix, and an operation on her foot to remove three toes due to gangrene. Soon after she found out that Rivera was having an affair with her younger sister Christina whose husband had abandoned her with two children. Due to this devastating discovery Kahlo separated herself from Rivera feeling betrayed by the two people she loved the most in the world. During 1936 the Spanish Civil War erupted. Kahlo and Rivera worked on behalf of the Republicans, raising money for Mexicans fighting against Franco’s forces. Later in 1937 Kahlo and Rivera helped out an exiled Soviet communist Leon Trotsky and his wife Natalia who stayed at the ‘Blue House’ with them.1 Kahlo and Trotsky had an affair during their stay. Soon after Rivera became aware of Kahlo and Trotsky’s affair and in his rage got a divorce in 1939. Rivera’s rejection made Kahlo more open about her love affairs with women. On December 8th, 1940 Rivera – who is now 54 years old and Kahlo – now 33 got remarried on Kahlo’s two conditions, no sex, and no money, Kahlo took care of herself financially. Kahlo and Rivera were at a constant state of love and war throughout their lives. On April 14th, 1941 Kahlo’s father died of a heart attack at which time Kahlo and Rivera moved into her father’s beloved ‘Blue House.’ For the next two years Kahlo’s notoriety continued to grow and her paintings were shown in Mexico City, New York, Boston and Philadelphia.2 After her father’s death Kahlo’s health slowly diminished, she endured spinal taps, confinement in 28 different corsets and over the next decade several radical operations on her back and leg. Kahlo became depressed in 1944 and kept a journal expressing her emotional feelings through both text and drawing which was later used to better understanding the woman and her art.2 Despite the pain and high dosage of pain killers Kahlo continued to paint, these were shown later in group exhibitions in Mexico. During 1950 Kahlo was hospitalized again and went through seven operations on her spine after which she spent nine months at the hospital recovering. Knowing Kahlo was near her end Lola Alvoraz Bravo held a solo exhibition for Kahlo in Mexico through April 13th-27th of 1950 at the Galeria de Arte Contemporaneo.2 Although Kahlo’s doctors told her she wasn’t well enough to attend she did so anyways from the comfort of her very own bed which was transported by truck to the gallery. In August, 1953 Kahlo’s right leg from the knee down was amputated due to the spread of gangrene. A fitted prosthetic was made for her but due to her addiction to pain killers and her love for alcohol she was not allowed to use it often. Frida Kahlo died on a Tuesday afternoon on the 13th of July in 1954 in her ‘Blue House’ which she was born into 47 years prior. The cause of death was reportedly ‘pulmonary embolism.’2 Suicide was suspected due to Kahlo’s severe depression, but this suspicion was never confirmed. Over 600 mourners passed by Frida Kahlo’s coffin in the Palacio da Bellas Artes. She was dressed in her favourite hupil from the Yalalag district and over-accessorized with jewels. Once asked what to do with her body when she dies Frida Kahlo replied: â€Å"Burn it, I don’t want to be buried I have spent enough time lying down, just burn it!†2 And so Frida Kahlo was cremated, her ashes placed in a pre-Columbian urn which is on display at the ‘Blue House.’ On November 24th, 1957 at the age of 71 Diego Rivera died of heart failure in his San Angel studio in Mexico. The next year on July 12th, 1958 the ‘Blue House’ was officially op ened as the ‘Museo Frida Kahlo.’2

Hoosiers Essay -- essays research papers

Hoosiers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As driving into Hickory, Indiana, a tiny town, I see that every house has a basketball hoop on the side of their barn. The little town consists of one main street. It has the local supermarket, barbershop, hardware store and some other small stores. While driving on the main street, I noticed that everyone notices a stranger coming into town. That is how small Hickory is. Driving into the high school parking lot I see that the girls dominate the young men by far. Looking around I also see that everyone is talking about the basketball game that night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When hearing that Norman Dale was going to coach a high school basketball team, I figured it was worth a shot to see how he would handle high school basketball rather than college. His experience in college was once hailed, but then dramatically failed. I was glad that I took the time to see how much talent coach Norman Dale could dish out of his players. I heard through some townspeople that the practices were unreal. Coach Dale was very intense and had the young men were worked very hard. Coach Dale believed that in every practice it should be helping you to get better for your next game and how you practice is how you play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were only nine players on the team and they did have talent. It was whether or not it all worked was up to coach Dale. From watching their first game to the game, there was a great journey that the Hickory Hoosiers had. So many things happened and many memories were made. It is a special journey that needs to be shared.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hoosiers started out rough, but held their composure. They were losing and the townspeople didn’t like how coach Dale was coaching. They disagreed with his decisions that he made during the game and they didn’t like his attitude. Coach Dale believed that his style of coaching was appropriate and he wasn’t going to change. The townspeople decided to have a meeting to see whether or not they should keep coach Dale. The players were waiting for the answer of if Coach Dale was being fired. The players felt that Coach Dale shouldn’t be let go. As the meeting was going on a young man, Billy, from school who was in excellent basketball player but didn’t play on the team, due to his home life, came to talk. He said that he would come and p... ...o have a chance to win. The Hoosiers got lucky and made a terrific steal to get the ball back. A time out was called and Coach Dale told a play to run with 16 seconds to go. The players slumped in their chairs. Coach Dale didn’t know what was going on and asked them to tell him. The guys wanted Billy to take the last shot. Billy said he would make it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With 16 seconds left Billy dribbled the ball up the court and took his time. Five seconds were left and Billy took three dribbles and pulled up for the shot, nothing but the bottom of the net. The entire place went crazy. The little town of Hickory all rushed the floor. The Hickory Hoosiers were a team of composure and a team that would do anything to win. To see a team from the first game and to the last, it was quite a journey. The love for the game was expressed through the coach to his players and from the players to the coach. The journey is now over but will never be forgotten. This journey shows that no matter how small you are, no matter where you come from, or the past doesn’t matter. What does matter is how much heart you put into something. What a great journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The War of the Roses

The War of the Roses was a series of dynastic civil wars fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. Theses two houses fought for the English throne, and both thought it was theirs to take. The houses both claimed the throne due to the fact that they had decent through the sons of Edward Ill. So they both felt that they were deserving of the throne. This wasn't the first or the last time that these two houses fought each other, but this was by far their biggest encounter. One reason that these two started fghting was the aftermath of the Hundred Years War.The inancial and social troubles hit hard and they thought they could do better Job running things. People during this time started to panic and they all wanted a piece of the pie. Prior to the war, heirs to the throne started dying so the number of aristocrats started dropping slowly. Some people suggest that the English aristocracy was destroyed due to the War of the Roses, but I would argue differently. The fact that all these men were fghting over the throne does suggest that there were some deaths, but I don't believe that it was the cause of the removal of the English aristocracy.Before I make my argument on why I believe the aristocracy was not destroyed by the War of the roses, I want to give a brief outline of the war. The hostility rose after the death of Henry V and the infant Henry VI was in line to take over. Richard, Duke of York, challenged the right of Henry VI's crown because he wanted it for himself. He had descent through Edward Ill's surviving sons. There is evidence that shows how important the throne was to the people during this time and they were willing to do anything to try and get it. There was obviously some history behind the people who fought in the war and how the title of the war was amed.The Heraldic badges that associated themselves with the two houses, York and Lancaster, were roses. The House of York was a white rose and the House of Lancaster was a red rose . Early in the conflict, the York picked the white rose as their symbol, but the Lancaster rose was not introduced until after Henry Tudor won the battle of Bosworth. So the war was not called â€Å"War of the Roses† until years later after the war. During the war the participants wore badges to show which lord or patron that they were associated with. One example of this that I read was the white boar of Richard Ill worn by the Yorkist army.The houses were named after the cities York and Lancaster of course, but the houses didn't have much to do with the city it was named after. The House of Lancaster was established in 1399 by Henry of Bolingbroke. Henry of Bolingbroke was later crowned as Henry IV after he deposed his cousin Richard II. The next Lancaster king was Henry V and he died in 1422, but there was some hostility on who would take over the crown. When Henry V died he only had an infant son to take over. This is when Richard Ill challenged Henry VI's right to the cr own like I mentioned before.Richard Ill was a very powerful man and eld very important offices within the state. This was the first political disagreement between the two houses and the beginning ofa feud that would start a war. In 1453 Henry VI (by now he was old enough to take the throne) went into insanity. â€Å"Henrys condition was non-violent: as a result of depressive stuper he lost control of his limbs York, to take over as the protector of the realm. Henry recovered in 1455 and took over his duties, which forced York to take up arms of self-protection. The fighting started with the battle of St.Albans in 1455. â€Å"Their numbers were vaguely estimated t 3000 men, while the Duke of Norfolk and other friends were hastening to their aid; the Kings force was estimated at 2000 men. â€Å"2 Richard, Duke of York and the Earl of Warwick defeated the Lancastrians who was led by Edmund. Edmund was the Duke of Somerset, and he played an important role before the war for the Lanca strians. He was killed in this battle and Henry VI was captured which resulted in Richard being appointed Lord Protector. The queen, Margaret of Anjou, kept pushing the Lancastrians to challenge the York House.Things were pretty quite over the next few years, but it started heating back up in 1459. York and his followers were forced out of the country, but he would retaliate sooner than people thought he would. One of his strongest followers invaded England and captured Henry at the Battle of Northampton. The heavy rain played in the favor of the Earl of Warwick during this battle and capturing Henry was much easier than people think. This battle resulted in four years of truce between the two houses, but they still didn't like the other one.There wasn't any major conflict during this time, but it was still uneasy between them. The civil wars between the two houses continued in 1459. York returned to the country becoming the Protector of England, but was not able to take the throne. York moved north with his son Edmund, but the Lancastrian nobles surprised and killed both of them in the Battle of Wakefield. The Lancastrian army went south afterwards but was unsuccessful in the taking of London. York had an eldest son named Edward, Earl of March, who was later named King Edward IV.He was best known for winning the Battle of Towton. In Anthony Goodman's book he states, â€Å"At Towton Edward could muster probably fewer than half the peers that Henry could. â€Å"3 This goes to show ow big of a victory it was for Edward. He crushed the Lancastrian army in March 1461 by gathering the Yorkist armies resulting in a strong force that was too much to handle for the Lancaster's. It was the bloodiest battle of the war, which resulted in Henry, Margaret, and their son fleeing to Scotland. The next series of battles was over disputes within the Yorkists ranks.Warwick and his followers felt like they were a powerful group, and when they got looked over at Edward's court, it didn't make them very happy. Warwick didn't agree with a foreign policy that the king was putting n place and the tension grew greater. This resulted in another civil war in 1469, where Warwick and the Duke of Clarence instigated risings in the north. Then they defeated the kings supporters at Edgecote. There he held Edward prisoner, but nothing really came out of it. Edward had regained control by 1470 and made Warwick and Clarence fled to France. While in France, they allied themselves with Louis X'.Here is where things get a little tricky because they also allied themselves with their former enemy Margaret of Anjou. Working together, they went back to England in September of 1470. There, they forced Edward out of his throne and restored the crown to Henry VI. After being stripped of the crown, Edward fled out of England to the Netherlands with his supporters. There he got Burgundian aid and returned to England a year later. Edward outsmarted Warwick due to the fact that he kn ew the land, and talked Clarence into Joining his side. Then he easily defeated that Warwick was defeated and her and her son fled west to the safety of Wales.Edward anticipated that Margaret would do this and beat her there. She was captured as a prisoner, and her supporters were defeated. There her son was killed and Margaret didn't have much power or support after these series of events. Very soon after these events, Henry VI was murdered in the Tower of London. It is thought that Henry heard of the death of his son, and when Edward IV was re-crowned, he ordered Henrys death. Edward's throne was secure for the rest of his life and was never challenged or taken away. When Edward died in 1483, hostility begins again.Richard Ill took over the throne and he first moved to prevent the unpopular Woodville family of Edward's widow from participating in the government. Richard sed the suspicious Edward IVs marriage as pretext. To stop Richard, Henry Tudor (a distant relative of the Lanca strian king) was brought in and defeated him at Bosworth. He was then crowned Henry VI', and married Elizabeth of York to unite the two rival houses. Yorkist revolted and these were the last few battles of the war, but nothing really came out of it. These battles weren't very big or important; it was Just the fact that the Yorkist were upset that they were united.Many historians like to believe that the Wars of the Roses were the result of the English aristocracy being destroyed. After reading material on these wars and reading Kington Oliphant's article, I can't help but to think otherwise. According to Oliphant there are 27 historic houses. † There are about twenty-seven great historic houses that belong to the former division, if we adopt a fair test for the term â€Å"Historic House,† and excluede from it all those families which have not held an Earldom in the male line continuously for at least one hundred years, or thereabouts, before the Reformation. 4 The house s in the 13th century really started getting recognized, and this is the period that begins hostility between houses. This also is the period that you see a rapid decline in houses. † The Earls of Albermarle had died out so early as the Twelfth Century, and four great historic Earldoms dropped in the Thirteenth. The Century of Edward the Third swept away at least seven Norman Houses of the very first class; amoun which were those of Clare, Bigod, and Bohun,- names intertwined with the brightest achievements of our early history.In the first and more peaceful part of Henry the Sixth's reign, before Englishman had dreamt of civil war, the process of decay was Just as rapid. The last Mortimer, Earl of March, the rightful heir o the crown died a prisoner in 1424; the last Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, was struck down by a cannon ball at the siege of Orleans, not long before the appearance of the immortal Maid; the last Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick, passed away in 1445. â€Å"5 So w hat Oliphant is getting to is the fact that there were 12 houses that were already disappeared before the war even started.Well you might ask well there are still a number of houses to be counted for during the war so what is your point? Well from the start of the war (1455) to the end of the war (1487) there were a number of ouses that died that was unrelated to the war. Oliphant mentions the houses that died during the war but not because of the war. â€Å"Foremost in this category comes the name of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of the realm, who died in 1475. To this we may add the less known names of Bromflete, Harington, Scales, and Sudeley. The Wars of the Roses had nothing to do with the extinction of these five houses in Roses.The Bonville, Tiptoft, Beaufort, Holland, and Lovell all died during the strife. Oliphant tells the story behind each of these names and how they died to end their ouse. The point that I want to make clear throughout this paper is the fact th at the number of houses that had died out before the Wars of the Roses, clearly outweigh the number of houses that have failed since the beginning of it. Well you might ask, Why did this happen? YouVe gave me numbers and the fact that the Wars of the Roses didn't cause the fail of the English aristocracy, but how did it happen.Oliphant does a great Job of comparing another countries aristocracy to England's. He uses old Scottish houses and what they did compared to what the old English houses did. Two causes have preserved the old Scottish houses from sharing the fate of their English brethren. The first was the prejudice in favour of heirs male, which would not allow the lands of a noble family to be split up among co-heiresses; the second cause was the practice of allotting small estates to younger sons, whereby the chance of always having an heir male at hand was much increased. 7 Showing the old Scottish houses and how they did things like this proves that there was a way to sav e the old English houses, but they failed to do so. Land was a big issue back then and it still is today. The Scottish houses knew that and knew they had to do something to preserve that land. They had to find a way to keep in the heir's family so it wouldn't eventually die out like most of the old English houses did. The next way the Scottish â€Å"preserved† their houses was the practice of allotting small estates to younger sons.The probability of always having a male take over the heir was a lot higher than if they didn't do this. These are Just some ways that the Scottish houses did to ensure that they didn't run into the same mistake that the English did. To me the English houses didn't invest in themselves very much. They didn't have a back up plan in case something happen to them and they died out. Historians studying this era tend to think that the Wars of the Roses wiped out these houses so they weren't really thinking about investing in themselves.Oliphant proves t hat most of these houses were already died out ten years prior to the war so that assumption is inaccurate. There was a lack of effort in making sure that the houses never died out, but there shouldn't be any excuse for it. They should be prepared for the freak accidents or the natural causes that may come their way for the sake of the house. I believe that it was a little about pride, and the old Scottish aristocracy had that. They were proud of their houses and they wanted to keep it going.The English were to caught up in other things to think about, what happens to the house if something happens to me? What I wanted to get out of this paper was to know more about the War of the Roses and to dig deeper inside the war. I wanted to find something worth arguing about and giving evidence on my point of view. I found out that the English houses started to die out and historians had suggestions for why this was happening. Some had the ame mindset I had, and others thought it was because of the war.I believe that the war had an effect on some of the houses during time, but it didn't have the extinction effect that people said it did. The Wars of the Roses was a great time period and had a lot of conflict that went with it. I'm positive that the conflict did have a little effect on the old English aristocracy dying out, but to say the war was the reason why it was destroyed makes no sense at all. In my opinion it was irresponsible of the men to not something special like the Scottish did, and who knows what the English could have been today. The War of the Roses British Studies THE WAR OF THE ROSES †¢ Introduction †¢ Name of The War of the Roses †¢ Famous people in The War of the Roses †¢ Causes of The War of the Roses †¢ The War of the Roses †¢ The result and impact of The War of the Roses †¢ The summary †¢ Bibliography I. INTRODUCTION T he Middle Age considers one of the most exciting periods in English history. One of the most historical events of medieval era is the Wars of the Roses in the fifteenth century. The Hundred Years’ War , in which England lost practically all its lands in France, ended in 1453, but there was no peace in the country.The feudal struggle had broken out and the atmosphere in this country was instable and uncertain leading to the civil war in the fifteenth century. The War of the Roses was a series of dynastic civil war for the throne of England between supporters of two rival branches of the royal house Plantagenet: the house of Lancaster (whose badge was red rose) a nd York (whose badge was white house) from 1455-1485. These thirty years of warfare was even more destructive to England the Hundred years’ War that had been in the previous century. Most of the fighting in the Hundred Years’ War took place in France, which meant most of the military damage affected in French peasantry rather than the English. In the War of the Roses, most of the fighting occurred in England, and thus the loss of the life and property was much greater for England citizens). Why was the called The War of the Roses? Why did the War of the Roses happen? How it happened? And what was the result? There are many interesting things about this famous war. Let’ discover together. II. THE NAME OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES: ? It is really an exciting name. Why was called the war of the roses?This name was given to the Wars by Tudor historians. The name â€Å"Wars of the Roses† refers to the Heraldic badges associated with the two royal houses, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. [pic] ? However, it is not thought to have been used during the time of the wars. – The White Rose was one of the many emblems which were used by King Edward IV as a symbol of his father's right to some lands and a castle in the North. Generally he preferred to use the emblem of the sun and its rays, a reference to the three suns which appeared at the dawn of the day of the battle of Mortimer's Cross 1461.The White Rose only later became accepted as the symbol of the House of York, particularly when Elizabeth of York married King Henry VII, but before then other emblems were in general use by the Yorkists. – The Red Rose was the emblem of the House of Tudor, and the Tudors only played a substantial part in the Wars during their final stages. The king Henry Tudor united the two roses to create the Tudor ‘rose which contain both white rose and red rose after marrying Elizabeth of the York. > That‘s why the war betwe en them got the name the War of the Roses. III. FAMOUS PEOPLE RELATING TO THE WAR OF THE ROSES During the war of the Roses, there are kings or Dukes who contributed main roles in the war. Let’ begin our discovery with the first king of the house Lancaster. †¢ THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER 1. THE KING HENRY IV Reign: 30 September 1399 – 20 March 1413 Coronation: 13 October 1399 Predecessor: Richard II Successor: Henry V Henry IV was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399–1413). He was the ninth King of England of the House of Plantagenet. He became the first King of England from the Lancaster branch of the Plantagenet, one of the two family branches that were belligerents in the War of the Roses. 2. THE KING HENRY VReign: 20 March 1413 – 31 August 1422 Coronation: 9 April 1413 Predecessor: Henry IV Successor: Henry VI Henry V was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House o f Lancaster. After military experience fighting various lords who rebelled against his father, Henry IV, Henry came into political conflict with the increasingly ill king. After his father's death, Henry rapidly assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France. Henry IV was a very brilliant king. 3. THE KING HENRY VI Reign :31 August 1422 – 4 March 1461Coronation: 6 November 1429 Predecessor: Henry V Successor: Edward IV Henry VI (1421 – 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. His periods of insanity and his inherent benevolence eventually required his wife, Margaret of Anjou, to assume control of his kingdom, which contributed to his own downfall, the collapse of the House of Lancaster, and the rise of the House of York. 4. THE KING HENRY VII (HENRY TUDOR) Reign: 22 August 1485 – 21 April 1509 Coronation: 30 October 1485 Predecessor: Richard III Successor: Henry VIIIHe nry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur;1457 – 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Fiel. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII, after a reign of nearly 24 years. THE HOUSE OF THE YORK: I. THE KING EDWARD IV Reign: 4 March 1461  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 3 October 1470 Coronation: 28 June 1461 Predecessor: Henry VI Successor :Henry VI Edward IV (1442  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half of his rule was ma rred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to this throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. 5. THE KING RICHARD III Reign 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485 Coronation 6 July 1483Predecessor Edward V Successor Henry VII Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England for two years, from 1483 until his death in 1485 during the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. III. CAUSES OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES ? There are three main causes leading to the War of the Roses. ? The first reason is the political crisis (dynastic problems) – In 1215, the Norman barons were united with the Saxon nobles and the growing bourgeoisie of the big towns and they took park in the governing in the country.During the Hundred years’ war, they built castles with high walls and kept private armies of thousands of men . Realizing the danger with big barons represented to the crown, Edward III tried to marry his sons to their daughters, and the heiresses of the House but this not help to strengthen the position of the House Plantagenet. Then, Henry Bolingbroke seized the crown and became the first king of the Lancaster dynasty, Henry IV (1399- 1413). ; It marked the end of the line of the Plantagenet monarchy and the beginning of the Tudor reign; the end of Medieval England and the beginning of the country’s Renaissance. However, Henry IV‘s reign was not an easy one. Having taking the throne by force, he had made many enemies, especially those whose legitimate claim to the throne he had ignored. Henry ‘s oldest son ( who would became Henry V ) was a brilliant and courageous warrior and was responsible, on many occasion, for putting down major rebellions against his father–rebellions that came from the other side of the family who wanted the throne. Beginning in 1405, Henr y IV suffered from a recurring illness that finally took his life in 1413. – Henry V (1387-1422) would go on to secure English-held lands in France and trengthen the bond between the two countries by winning the right to the French, as well as to the English, Crown. Henry V died at a young age in battle in France, leaving a nine-month-old son–King Henry VI. While Henry V was busy fighting wars in France and accumulating wealth for his country, the feudal between the York and Lancaster Houses was subdued. Only one rebellion occurred, and the leader of that rebellion was tried for treason and killed. – However, with Henry V's death–and only a baby for king, and Henry V's wife, who was not only young but of French blood–members of both Houses began maneuvering again for power. Henry VI was a weak man, surrounded by poorly managed counselors. Not only did Henry suffer from mental illnesses, he lost most of the land that his father had won in France. Al though Henry VI technically was king of France, he lost all authority in that country. Many English nobles, each with his own powerful army, grew discontent with Henry VI's rule. The interests of the House of the Lancaster supported by the big barons collided with the interests of the lesser barons and merchants of the towns, who support the House of the York. As a result, the feudal struggle grew into an open war between the Lancastrians and the Yorkist.William Shakespeare offers one poetic endorsement of this view: â€Å"My Lord of Hereford [Henry IV] here, whom you call king, Is a foul traitor to proud Hereford's king[Richard II]: And if you crown him, let me prophesy: The blood of English shall manure the ground, And future ages groan for this foul act; Peace shall go sleep with Turks and infidels, And in this seat of peace tumultuous wars Shall kin with kin and kind with kind confound; Disorder, horror, fear and mutiny Shall here inhabit, and this land be call'd The field of G olgotha and dead men's skulls. O, if you raise this house against this house, It will the woefullest division proveThat ever fell upon this cursed earth. † ? The second reason, in my opinion, is financial problems and societal changes. – The fifteenth century had many changes in society that seriously affected to the war of the roses. The issues increased from the beginning of Henry VI's reign in 1422 with the corruption, public disorder, riots and the maladministration of justice.. After the leadership of King Henry V, â€Å"The Flower of Chivalry† and the â€Å"Mirror of all Christian Kings,† the weak and placid Henry VI was a great disappointment. >We can see that it was a bad government, militarily ineffective and financially irresponsible.His fool and weakness in governing directed his country down the bloody road of civil war. The king loaded his ministers and friends with gifts and pensions. Many people who were owed money at the Exchequer, such as military commanders, could not collect on their debts because there was not enough money to go around. People lost faith in the courts and turned to threats and violence to gain victory in their disputes. The result is a social climate approaching gangsterism. The social violence before and during the Wars of the Roses is often blamed on a phenomenon known as â€Å"bastard feudalism. † ?Finally, I consider the hundred year’ war affecting to the war of the roses, too. – The Wars of the Roses began soon after the Hundred Years War ended. The suggestion that nobles were trying to retrieve fortunes lost in the withdrawal from France does not agree with the evidence. Few major families lost much by the English defeat – most of the major magnates were growing wealthier. – However, the end of the Hundred Years war did remove one reason for unity within England: foreign war tends to unite people at home. The end of the War also left many unemployed soldier s – a destabilizing group in society.Medieval knights and nobles were a military caste, and it was as easy for them to engage in domestic as foreign warfare. IV. THE WAR OF THE ROSE T he war of the roses, which lasted for thirty years (1455-1485), turned into a bitter struggle for the Crown, in which each party murdered every likely heir to the throne of the opposite party. It was a dark time for England, when the Kings and nobles were busy fighting and murdering each other and no time to take care of the common people, who suffered greatly. ? The opening battle of the Wars took place at St Albans in 1455. Richard of York leads a force of about 3,000 on a march toward London.Henry VI moves from London to intercept the Yorkist army. Henry halts his march in the town of Saint Albans and waits. Richard attacks and defeats Henry inflicting about 300 casualties. The Queen and her young son Edward flee into exile. The Yorkist faction also kills the Lancastrian ally Somerset, the pr imary supporter of Henry VI. ? After that, the queen rebelled at these actions, gathered an army around her, and positioned herself outside of York. When the duke learned of this, he went after her, although the queen's troops were double the size of the duke's. The duke's army was easily defeated.In 1459 Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield. ? In 1461, the Battle of Towson, one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on English soil at the time, was fought with an estimated 25,000 people dying. Edward's army greatly defeated the queen's army, forcing the queen and king, with their son, to flee to Scotland. That same year, Edward was officially crowned king of England, becoming Edward IV. ? Edward enjoy a few years of peace, but when he married Elizabeth Woodville in secret, he embarrassed Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who was working to arrange a marriage for Edward with the French king.Edward also disallowed his brothers, Richard and George, to marry Neville's daughters. In 1469, Neville and George fought against Edward. They won a decisive battle, held Edward hostage, killed Edward's father-in-law, and forced Edward to have parliament recognize Edward as an illegitimate king and to give the crown to George. Edward's younger brother, Richard, rescued the king, and Neville and George had to flee to France. ? In France, it was King Louis XI who suggested the alliance of Queen Margaret and Neville. The two agreed, Neville promised his daughter as wife to the queen's son, and returned to England with a powerful army.Edward was defeated and had to flee to Holland and then to Burgundy. Edward, supported by the king of Burgundy, returned to England. Shortly after Neville had paraded Henry VI all over London as the restored king, he was defeated by Edward's new army in 1471. Henry as well as his son were then killed, strengthening Edward's claim to the throne. ? Edward died young, in 1483, leaving his twelve-year-old son heir to the throne. Edward V's reig n lasted only a couple of months. Richard, the uncle to the young king, claimed that his brother (Edward IV) had married Elizabeth illegally and therefore his heirs could not be crowned king.Parliament agreed, and crowned King Richard III in 1483. Edward V was placed in the Tower of London, along with his younger brother, and was never again seen. ? Two years later, in 1485, Richard would meet his death in a battle against Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster; he would become King Henry VII. Henry married Elizabeth of York, the strongest claimant for the throne from the York house, thus securing his position and ending the long Wars of the Roses. [pic]The map of the battles in the War of the Roses (1455-1485) V. THE RESULT AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES Historians still debate the true extent of the conflict's impact on medieval English life, and some revisionists suggest that it leaded to many profound changes in England. The most obvious impact is the collapse of the Plantag enet and the raise of the Tudor dynasty. ; Moreover, with their heavy casualties among the nobility, the wars are thought to have continued the changes in feudal English society caused by the effects of the Black Death, including a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and a corresponding strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centralized monarchy under the Tudors.It marked the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance. VI. SUMMARY ? In my opinion, Middle Ages encompass one of the most exciting and bloodthirsty periods in English and European History with two important events. They are the Hundred Years’ War and The War of the Roses which seriously affected to the society, politics, economy and other aspect of England at that time especially the War of the Roses. It marked the end of the line of the Plantagenet monarchy and the beginning of the Tudor reign (118 years) and even the end of Medieval England a nd the beginning of the country’s Renaissance.It was really an exciting period. I hope that some information above will be useful for all of you during this course and later. VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY ? The War of the Rose Evans, HT (introduction by Ralph A Griffiths) – Sutton Publishing 1998 ? The Wars of the Roses Gillingham, John – Weidenfeld ; Nicholson 2001 ? The Wars of the Roses Griffiths, Ralph A – Sutton Publishing 1998 ? Lancaster ; York Ramsay, JH – Oxford University Press 1892 QUESTION: 1. Which is considered the first main battle in the war of the roses? a. The battle of St. Albans b. The battle of Barnet c. The battle of Tadcaster d. The battle of Blore Heath 2. enry IV had a famous wife , depends on your point of view, who was this powerful women. a. Margaret of Anjou b. Mary de Guise c. Eleanor of Aquitaine d. Matida of Flanders 3. Richard duke of York was killed at which major battle? a. battle of Doncaster b. Battle of Wakefield c. Battle of Tacaster d. Battle of Sedgemoor 4. how long did the War of the Roses last? a. 10 years b. 30 years c. 50 years d. 100 years 5. this battle is widely thought to have the bloodiest ever fought on England soid. It marked a major Yorkist victory in 1461. which of these is it? a. battle of Hexbam b. Battle of Towton c. Battle of the Tadcaster d.Battle of the Hedgley Moor 6. what color rose was used to represent Lancastrians? a. white b. red c. blue d. black 7. In which century did the wars of the Roses take place ? a. 14th century b. 15th century c. 16th century d. 17th century 8. which foreign power sided with Edward IV during the wars a. Italy b. Spain c. France d. Bungery 9. which of these people was on the Lancastrians side during the war of the Roses? a. Thomas Cromwell b. Margaret of Anjou c. Richard Neville the king maker d. Richard Duke of York 10. Who was the first king of House of Lancaster? a. Richard Duke b. Henry Bolingbroke c. Henry Tudor d. Edward II END [pic][pic]

How Does Walker’s Use of Imagery and Symbolism?

In â€Å"The Colour Purple,† Alice Walker uses symbolism, and imagery to affect the reader’s interpretation of the novel through very complex themes of religious influence, oppression and emotion developed from these literary devices. This has a profound influence on the reader’s interpretation of the novel as it suggests certain opinions and points of view to them as well as giving them deeper insight to the emotions of the protagonist In â€Å"The Colour Purple† a strong theme of religious influence and interpretation is developed through use of symbolism and imagery.The fact that the letters are initially addressed to God, an entity in whom the protagonist strongly believes, has a significant symbolic impact on the novel. When Celie’s mother asks where her child came from she says â€Å"Its God’s† when clearly, it is her father’s child. The elliptical choice of â€Å"God† as the father of the baby is symbolic, and show s that the power her Pa wields over her makes him a God-like figure to her. This is ironic the semantic field of the word â€Å"God† holds connotations of an all-powerful and infinitely benevolent entity.The irony of this is that whilst the true father of the baby, her â€Å"Pa†, holds a great deal of power over her, he is portrayed as anything but benevolent. If anything, he is more like Satan as he is seemingly the source of all the deplorable aspects of her life. This evokes a great deal of pathos from the reader and also antipathy towards her father. This clearly Illustrates for the reader who the protagonist and antagonists of the novel are Later in the novel, this symbolism is continued as the protagonist’s perception of God is explored through her dialogue with Shug Avery.Soon after discovering that her sister is still alive, she becomes frustrated and against the idea of praising God, exclaiming â€Å"What God do for me? † This is a typical reacti on of people who have suffered in life to the concept of God. This anger she feels towards God for letting her suffer so much is a manifestation of all the anger she feels towards all the people who have wronged her in life. This further manifests itself when she decides, â€Å"She don’t write God no more† as she blames him for giving her a hard life.She also decides that God is a man, something that is of extreme significance as Celie attributes all of her life’s troubles and problems to men, and their mistreatment of her. She confesses to Shug Avery that she sees God as â€Å"Big and old and tall and greybearded and white† This perception of God is a fairly common one, along with the â€Å"white robed† and â€Å"barefooted† idea. Then Shug outlines her perceptions of God, and church, ideas that are not so common. Her ideas are extremely interesting; she says she never found God in church, and any God she found she â€Å"brought in† with her.The effect this has on the reader forms very strong empathy with the protagonist, as the thoughts she is having are very relatable. It also makes the reader question their own perceptions of God, thus making this novel seem to be a very philosophical one. With Shug’s help, Celie comes to see that God isn’t a bearded white man, he is â€Å"Everything†, he is in nature, people, the sky and all that is good. This is most strongly illustrated in the final letter of the book which she addresses â€Å"Dear God. Dear stars, dear trees, dear sky, sear peoples.Dear everything. † The syntax of those sentences as a list illustrates further that she sees God in everything that is good and beautiful. This shows that she has come back to God and her perceptions have changed dramatically. This symbolises the end of a journey as Celie comes to accept God once more and it also symbolises that fact that she has moved on with her life and is finally happy. She†™s also This creates more empathy from the reader who feels joy for the protagonist as well as showing that she has overcome her hardships.Overall this idea of a journey creates a sense of this being a very biographical novel. The fact that it is in epistolary form makes the novel much more personal and relatable for the reader. When Celie leaves Mr. __ she finds her inner self and gains a lot more personality. At the beginning of the novel, she never mentions her emotions, just physical feelings. This is symbolic of the fact that in her oppression, she was just surviving rather than living. She was very much a shell, her body existed but her inner spirit was suppressed greatly.The first time emotions are brought in are when Celie discovers that her sister is still alive. Her break from oppression to become her own person is symbolised by the pants. The making of pants is theraputic for her, she claims she â€Å"aint been able to stop† after she started. This is the first t hing shes ever chosen to do herself so they are symbolic of her newfound independence. Also in that society, pants were considered to be a men’s item of clothing, so the wearing of pants by Celie and Shug is symbolic of their fight against sexism and the patriarchal society.The fact that she starts to make money from the pants furthers the idea of independence. The effect on the reader of this is it gives an idea of this being a very political novel and being about a struggle for freedom. The colour purple is a regal colour representative of affluence and the good things in life created by God for the people to enjoy. At the beginning of the beginning of the book, Celie has no sense of the colour purple, she has a terrible life in which she is just surviving rather than really living. The lack of emotion at the beginning clearly shows this.As a result, she doesn’t have the capacity to sense the colour purple, she cant appreciate the simple beauty of life and nature as her conditions are so oppressive that she cant see any good. Shug helps her to see the good in life when she shows Celie that God is in everything and telling her to â€Å"relax, go with everything that’s going and praise God by liking what you like. † This overall analysis of God and the form In which he exists prompts the reader to question their own view on God, especially the way in which society depicts him and his laws.

Free Essays on Affluenza

Affluenza When I get home, the first thing I see is my brother who is more than likely watching television. His favorite television program at the moment is Nickelodeon’s Sponge Bob Square Pants. As he watches this children’s television channel, he is being attacked by many marketers telling him what he should have and absolutely needs. Unfortunately, many young children, like my brother, cannot resist temptation and ask their parents to buy them these toys that they see on television. They are shown at a very young age what plastic money is and are too young to grasp the idea that credit cards are real money. Too many commercials nowadays are being targeted at young children more than ever before. They focus on them because they know there is a big market on things that children want. There is also a pattern that goes with this commercial marketing to children. From a start, children feel like they can never have enough of what they want. When they see something that they do not necessarily need they want it in order for them to fit in with their peers. It’s a vice that will grow with them until they are adults, and the older they get the more serious the problem. More than ever, marketers have their money set on children to buy more, get more and have more. Of course they are the money makers of the family, so they are the ones who are to influence their parents to buy them what they want. Nowadays children are constantly bombarded with television commercials and advertisements. When kids get home from school their first instinct is to rush to the television set to watch their favorite cartoons. Between the hours of three in the afternoon till about six, marketers try to sell their products to the young consumers. They are bombarded with Barbie, Pokemon, Lego, and various action hero toys that children want to have and buy. At the movie theatres, there are always advertisements for upcoming films that are t... Free Essays on Affluenza Free Essays on Affluenza Affluenza When I get home, the first thing I see is my brother who is more than likely watching television. His favorite television program at the moment is Nickelodeon’s Sponge Bob Square Pants. As he watches this children’s television channel, he is being attacked by many marketers telling him what he should have and absolutely needs. Unfortunately, many young children, like my brother, cannot resist temptation and ask their parents to buy them these toys that they see on television. They are shown at a very young age what plastic money is and are too young to grasp the idea that credit cards are real money. Too many commercials nowadays are being targeted at young children more than ever before. They focus on them because they know there is a big market on things that children want. There is also a pattern that goes with this commercial marketing to children. From a start, children feel like they can never have enough of what they want. When they see something that they do not necessarily need they want it in order for them to fit in with their peers. It’s a vice that will grow with them until they are adults, and the older they get the more serious the problem. More than ever, marketers have their money set on children to buy more, get more and have more. Of course they are the money makers of the family, so they are the ones who are to influence their parents to buy them what they want. Nowadays children are constantly bombarded with television commercials and advertisements. When kids get home from school their first instinct is to rush to the television set to watch their favorite cartoons. Between the hours of three in the afternoon till about six, marketers try to sell their products to the young consumers. They are bombarded with Barbie, Pokemon, Lego, and various action hero toys that children want to have and buy. At the movie theatres, there are always advertisements for upcoming films that are t...

First or Second Conditional Explained

First or Second Conditional Explained The first and second conditional in English refer to a present or future situation. Generally, the difference between the two forms depends on whether a person believes that a situation is possible or unlikely. Often, the condition or imagined situation is ridiculous or clearly impossible, and in this case, the choice between first or second conditional is easy: We choose the second conditional. Example: Tom currently is a full-time student.If Tom had a full-time job, hed probably work in computer graphics. In this case, Tom is a full-time student so it is obvious that he does NOT have a full-time job. He might have a part-time job, but his studies demand that he concentrates on learning. First or second conditional? Second conditional because it is clearly impossible. In other cases, we speak about a condition that clearly possible, and in this case, choosing between the first or second conditional is easy again: We choose the first conditional. Example: Janice is coming to visit for a week in July.If the weather is good, well go for a hike in the park. Weather is very unpredictable, but its quite possible that the weather will be good in July. First or second conditional? First conditional because the situation is possible. First or Second Conditional Based on Opinion The choice between first or second conditional is often not so clear. Sometimes, we choose the first or second conditional based on our opinion of a situation. In other words, if we feel something or someone can do something, then well choose the first conditional because believe it is a real possibility. Examples: If she studies a lot, she will pass the exam.They will go on holiday if they have the time. On the other hand, if we feel that a situation is not very possible or that a situation is improbable we choose the second conditional. Examples: If she studied harder, she would pass the test.They would go away for a week  if they had the time. Here is another way of looking at this decision. Read the sentences with the speakers unspoken thought expressed in the parentheses. This opinion shows how the speaker decided between the first or second conditional. If she studies a lot, she will pass the exam. (Janes a good student.)If he worked harder, he would pass the exam. (John doesnt take school seriously.)Tom will take some time off next week if his boss says its OK. (Toms boss is a nice guy.)Frank would take some time off next month  if he could get an OK from his supervisor. (Unfortunately, his supervisor isnt very nice and theres a lot of work to be done next month.) As you can see from the examples above, the choice between the first or second conditional can express someones opinion about the situation. Remember that the first conditional is often called the real conditional, whereas the second conditional is often referred to as the unreal conditional. In other words, the real or conditional expresses something the speaker believes could happen, and the unreal or second conditional expresses something that the speaker doesnt believe could happen. Conditional Form Practice and Review To improve your understanding of conditionals, this conditional forms page reviews each of the four forms in detail. To practice conditional form structure, this real and unreal conditional form worksheet provides a quick review and practice exercises, the past conditional worksheet focuses on using the form in the past. Teachers can use this guide on how to teach conditionals  to introduce and practice the first and second conditional forms in class.

Nokia and Motorola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nokia and Motorola - Case Study Example The Nokia Company has emerged a market leader in the industry. The two companies are quoted in the London stock exchange and using the financial ratios and historical dividends paid we will be in a position to determine which is the best investment option. Nokia has a larger global market size than Motorola, in the second quarter of 2008 Nokia had a 40% global market share and this was a 2% increase in market share from the 2nd quarter of 2007. Motorola on the other had has a 9% market share today which is a decline from the market share in 2007 which was 18%. Therefore from the market share size it is evident that Motorola is loosing out and Nokia is expanding its market size, it is also clear that Nokia has a larger market share than Motorola and for this reason it is better to invest in the Nokia company due to the growth in the market share of the company which signify an increase in the profit levels in the near future. Nokia employs over 100,000 employees worldwide and over 30,000 of these employees are in research and development, therefore this means that the company has a large market area that requires more employees to serve consumers and that the research and development expenses incurred are ... is year, this means that the Motorola Company is facing financial problems and also that it lacks proper strategies to improve on the current situation. This also means that the Motorola company is facing stiff competition from its rivals and for this reason its only option is to cut down its production costs by laying off workers, this means that if nothing is done fast then the Motorola company may run bankrupt and shut down its operations. Regarding profits it is evident that in the Nokia company realized an 8 billion operation profit in the year 2007, this in contrast with the Motorola Company that made a 1.2 billion loss in the forth quarter of 2007, and this made the entire company to only realize a 100 million dollars profit in the forth quarter of 2007. Therefore a rational investor will invest in the Nokia Company. Divided history: In this section we analyze the divided payments by for both companies; the following chart summarizes the divided payments: The following table summarizes the dividends paid by the Nokia Company: Payable Date Amount ($) 4/17/1995 0.036 4/23/1996 0.04 15/4/97 0.043 4/10/1998 0.083 4/7/1999 0.129 4/10/2000 0.192 4/10/2001 0.248 4/16/2002 0.237 4/23/2003 0.304 4/23/2004 0.358 4/29/2005 0.43 4/26/2006 0.456 5/30/2007 0.58 5/30/2008 0.834 The values in the table can be summarized in a chart as follows: From the chart above it is evident that Nokia divideds have increased over the years, this is can be explained by the increase in profits over the years. Motorolla divideds over the years is sumarised in the table below: date Amount